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意志， いし

1. will, volition, intention, intent, determination

tbd

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疎通， 疏通， そつう

1. (mutual) understanding, communication 2. passing without obstruction

tbd

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諮る， 議る， はかる

1. to consult with, to discuss, to confer, to deliberate

tbd

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文化， ぶんか

1. culture, civilization, civilisation 2. Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)

文化，文明

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によって， に因って， に依って

1. according to, by (means of), due to, because of

根据；用……(方法)；因为

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決まる， 決る， 極る， きまる， キマる

1. to be decided, to be settled, to be fixed, to be arranged 2. to be unchanging, to be the same (as always), to be fixed, to be set 3. to be a fixed rule, to be destined, to be a convention, to be a custom, to be common knowledge 4. to be well execu...

决定，施行

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である

1. be, is

是、=です、=だ

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の

1. indicates possessive 2. nominalizes verbs and adjectives 3. substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases 4. (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion 5. (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis 6. (at sentence-end, risi...

句尾起强调作用；助词，表示所有关系

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は

1. indicates sentence topic 2. indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated) 3. adds emphasis

指示句子的主题

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から

1. from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity), since 2. from (originator), by 3. because, since 4. out of (constituent, part) 5. through (e.g. window, vestibule) 6. after, since 7. expresses sympathy or warning

从，自……；因为；被，用于……

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