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悲観主義， ひかんしゅぎ

1. pessimism

tbd

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向上， こうじょう

1. elevation, rise, improvement, advancement, progress

提高、提升、改善、进步

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を

1. indicates direct object of action 2. indicates subject of causative expression 3. indicates an area traversed 4. indicates time (period) over which action takes place 5. indicates point of departure or separation of action 6. indicates object of d...

表示动作的直接对象；表示经过的场所；表示离开或分开的点

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信じる， しんじる

1. to believe, to believe in, to place trust in, to confide in, to have faith in

相信，对……有信心

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のだ， んだ

1. the expectation is that ..., the reason is that ..., the fact is that ..., the explanation is that ..., it is that ...

……的样子，就那样

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は

1. indicates sentence topic 2. indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated) 3. adds emphasis

指示句子的主题

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する， 為る

1. to do, to carry out, to perform 2. to cause to become, to make (into), to turn (into) 3. to serve as, to act as, to work as 4. to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.) 5. to judge as being, to view as being, to think of as, to treat as, to use...

做，作，干，执行

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こと， 事， 縡

1. thing, matter 2. incident, occurrence, event, something serious, trouble, crisis 3. circumstances, situation, state of affairs 4. work, business, affair 5. after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not ...

tbd

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