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ここ， 此処， 此所， 是， 茲， 爰

1. here, this place 2. this point, here, now 3. these past ... (e.g. three years), these last ... 4. the next ... (e.g. few days), these next ...

这，这儿，这里；此刻，此处，当下；过去的……(例如三年)，最近的……；接下来……(例如几天内)，这些接下来的……

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往来， おうらい

1. coming and going, traffic 2. road, street 3. association, socializing, socialising, fellowship, mutual visits 4. recurring (e.g. thoughts) 5. correspondence

来来往往；道路，街道；协会，社交活动，社交往来，情谊，互访；反复出现的(例如：想法)；通信

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激しい， 烈しい， 劇しい， はげしい

1. violent, furious, tempestuous 2. extreme, intense, fierce, strong 3. fervent, vehement 4. incessant, relentless 5. precipitous, steep

激烈的，猛烈的

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は

1. indicates sentence topic 2. indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated) 3. adds emphasis

指示句子的主题

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の

1. indicates possessive 2. nominalizes verbs and adjectives 3. substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases 4. (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion 5. (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis 6. (at sentence-end, risi...

句尾起强调作用；助词，表示所有关系

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が

1. indicates the subject of a sentence 2. indicates possession 3. but, however, (and) yet, though, although, while 4. and 5. used after an introductory remark or explanation 6. regardless of ..., whether ... (or not), no matter ... 7. indicates a des...

tbd

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