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ここ， 此処， 此所， 是， 茲， 爰

1. here, this place 2. this point, here, now 3. these past ... (e.g. three years), these last ... 4. the next ... (e.g. few days), these next ...

这，这儿，这里；此刻，此处，当下；过去的……(例如三年)，最近的……；接下来……(例如几天内)，这些接下来的……

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において， に於いて， に於て

1. at (a time or place), in, on 2. in (a situation, matter, etc.), on (a point), when it comes to, regarding, with respect to, in (terms of), as to, as for 3. on the part of, under the authority of, in the name of

在，于；在(一种情况、一件事等)中、在(一点上)、当涉及到、关于、就(方面)而言、至于、至于；由以下方面、根据以下方面的授权、以以下方面的名义实施

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著者， ちょしゃ

1. author (usu. of a particular book), writer

tbd

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方法論， ほうほうろん

1. methodology

tbd

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中心的， ちゅうしんてき

1. central, mainline

tbd

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問題， もんだい

1. question (e.g. on a test), problem 2. problem (e.g. societal, political), question, issue, subject (e.g. of research), case, matter 3. question (i.e. doubt) 4. public discussion, controversy 5. trouble, problem, inconvenience, difficulty

问题（例如在考试中），难题；麻烦、问题、不便、困难；问题（如社会性、政治性问题）、疑问、议题、课题（如研究课题）、案例、事项；疑问；公开讨论，争议

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言及， げんきゅう

1. reference, allusion

言及，提及，提到

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たち， 達

1. pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)

复数后缀

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は

1. indicates sentence topic 2. indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated) 3. adds emphasis

指示句子的主题

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の

1. indicates possessive 2. nominalizes verbs and adjectives 3. substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases 4. (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion 5. (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis 6. (at sentence-end, risi...

句尾起强调作用；助词，表示所有关系

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に

1. at (place, time), in, on, during 2. to (direction, state), toward, into 3. for (purpose) 4. because of (reason), for, with 5. by, from 6. as (i.e. in the role of) 7. per, in, for, a (e.g. "once a month") 8. and, in addition to 9. if, although

tbd

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する， 為る

1. to do, to carry out, to perform 2. to cause to become, to make (into), to turn (into) 3. to serve as, to act as, to work as 4. to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.) 5. to judge as being, to view as being, to think of as, to treat as, to use...

做，作，干，执行

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