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ここ， 此処， 此所， 是， 茲， 爰

1. here, this place 2. this point, here, now 3. these past ... (e.g. three years), these last ... 4. the next ... (e.g. few days), these next ...

这，这儿，这里；此刻，此处，当下；过去的……(例如三年)，最近的……；接下来……(例如几天内)，这些接下来的……

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決して， けっして， けして

1. (not) ever, (not) by any means, (not) in the least, (not) in any way, (not) at all

绝(不)，绝(非)，绝(无)

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れんが， レンガ， 煉瓦

1. brick

tbd

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鉄筋コンクリート， てっきんコンクリート

1. reinforced concrete, ferroconcrete

钢筋混凝土，铁骨混凝土

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代わりになる， 代わりに成る， かわりになる

1. to substitute for, to stand in for, to fill in for

tbd

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で

1. at, in 2. at, when 3. by, with 4. within, in 5. and then, so 6. and, then 7. let me tell you, don't you know

表示范围

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は

1. indicates sentence topic 2. indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated) 3. adds emphasis

指示句子的主题

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の

1. indicates possessive 2. nominalizes verbs and adjectives 3. substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases 4. (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion 5. (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis 6. (at sentence-end, risi...

句尾起强调作用；助词，表示所有关系

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