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ここ， 此処， 此所， 是， 茲， 爰

1. here, this place 2. this point, here, now 3. these past ... (e.g. three years), these last ... 4. the next ... (e.g. few days), these next ...

这，这儿，这里；此刻，此处，当下；过去的……(例如三年)，最近的……；接下来……(例如几天内)，这些接下来的……

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上がる， 揚がる， 挙がる， 上る， あがる

1. to rise, to go up, to come up, to ascend, to be raised 2. to enter (esp. from outdoors), to come in, to go in 3. to enter (a school), to advance to the next grade 4. to get out (of water), to come ashore 5. to increase 6. to improve, to make progr...

上升，上涨；进入

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所得， しょとく

1. income, earnings

tbd

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無税， むぜい

1. duty-free, tax-free

tbd

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である

1. be, is

是、=です、=だ

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から

1. from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity), since 2. from (originator), by 3. because, since 4. out of (constituent, part) 5. through (e.g. window, vestibule) 6. after, since 7. expresses sympathy or warning

从，自……；因为；被，用于……

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は

1. indicates sentence topic 2. indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated) 3. adds emphasis

指示句子的主题

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