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層， そう

1. layer, stratum, seam, bed 2. class, stratum, bracket, group 3. sheaf 4. counter for stories (of a building)

tbd

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卸業者， おろしぎょうしゃ

1. distributor (of goods)

批发商

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存在， そんざい

1. existence, being, presence

存在。处于发生后尚未消亡的状态。

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特色， とくしょく

1. characteristic, feature, idiosyncrasy, personal colour 2. spot color

特征，特点，个性，个人色彩；专色

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である

1. be, is

是、=です、=だ

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日本， にほん， にっぽん

1. Japan

日本

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流通機構， りゅうつうきこう

1. distribution system

tbd

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複雑， ふくざつ

1. complex, complicated, intricate, mixed (feelings)

复杂的，繁琐的，错综复杂的，复杂的（情感）

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コスト

1. cost

费用，成本

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かかる， 掛かる， 掛る， 懸かる， 懸る

1. to take (a resource, e.g. time or money) 2. to hang 3. to come into view, to arrive 4. to come under (a contract, a tax) 5. to start (engines, motors) 6. to attend, to deal with, to handle 7. to have started to, to be on the verge of 8. to overlap...

花费(某种资源，例如时间或金钱)；得(病)；被抓住；陷入困境；出现；到来

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も

1. too, also, in addition, as well, (not) either (in a negative sentence) 2. both A and B, A as well as B, neither A nor B (in a negative sentence) 3. even, as much as, as many as, as far as, as long as, no less than, no fewer than 4. even if, even t...

tbd

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の

1. indicates possessive 2. nominalizes verbs and adjectives 3. substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases 4. (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion 5. (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis 6. (at sentence-end, risi...

句尾起强调作用；助词，表示所有关系

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が

1. indicates the subject of a sentence 2. indicates possession 3. but, however, (and) yet, though, although, while 4. and 5. used after an introductory remark or explanation 6. regardless of ..., whether ... (or not), no matter ... 7. indicates a des...

tbd

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は

1. indicates sentence topic 2. indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated) 3. adds emphasis

指示句子的主题

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で

1. at, in 2. at, when 3. by, with 4. within, in 5. and then, so 6. and, then 7. let me tell you, don't you know

表示范围

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