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挑む， いどむ

1. to challenge to (a fight, game, etc.), to throw down the gauntlet, to contend for 2. to tackle (e.g. a problem), to attempt, to go after (a prize, record, etc.) 3. to pressure (someone) for sex, to make advances to

向（战斗、比赛等）发起挑战，掷下挑战书，争夺；解决（如问题），尝试，争取（奖项、纪录等）

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のだ， んだ

1. the expectation is that ..., the reason is that ..., the fact is that ..., the explanation is that ..., it is that ...

……的样子，就那样

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は

1. indicates sentence topic 2. indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated) 3. adds emphasis

指示句子的主题

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の

1. indicates possessive 2. nominalizes verbs and adjectives 3. substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases 4. (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion 5. (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis 6. (at sentence-end, risi...

句尾起强调作用；助词，表示所有关系

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から

1. from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity), since 2. from (originator), by 3. because, since 4. out of (constituent, part) 5. through (e.g. window, vestibule) 6. after, since 7. expresses sympathy or warning

从，自……；因为；被，用于……

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