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を

1. indicates direct object of action 2. indicates subject of causative expression 3. indicates an area traversed 4. indicates time (period) over which action takes place 5. indicates point of departure or separation of action 6. indicates object of d...

表示动作的直接对象；表示经过的场所；表示离开或分开的点

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優れる， 勝れる， 傑れる， すぐれる

1. to surpass, to outstrip, to excel

优化，胜出，超出

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学者， がくしゃ

1. scholar, academic, scientist 2. learned person, person of learning

tbd

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みなす， 見なす， 見做す， 看做す

1. to regard (as), to consider (to be), to deem, to look upon (as), to think of (as)

视作，认为，看作，视为，当作

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みんな， みな， 皆， 皆んな

1. everyone, everybody, all 2. everything, all

所有人，全部；所有东西，全部

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彼ら， 彼等， かれら

1. they, them

tbd

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は

1. indicates sentence topic 2. indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated) 3. adds emphasis

指示句子的主题

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彼， かれ

1. he, him 2. boyfriend

他

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の

1. indicates possessive 2. nominalizes verbs and adjectives 3. substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases 4. (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion 5. (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis 6. (at sentence-end, risi...

句尾起强调作用；助词，表示所有关系

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こと， 事， 縡

1. thing, matter 2. incident, occurrence, event, something serious, trouble, crisis 3. circumstances, situation, state of affairs 4. work, business, affair 5. after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not ...

tbd

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だ

1. be, is

断定助动词，是，是也

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と

1. if, when 2. and 3. with 4. used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.) 5. promoted pawn 6. indicates a question

表示引用

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