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崖， がけ

1. cliff, precipice 2. precipice, brink of a dangerous situation

tbd

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まで， 迄

1. until (a time), till, to, up to 2. to (a place or person), as far as 3. to (an extent), up to, so far as, even 4. only, merely

到，到……为止，直到；到某地，去见某人

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上る， 登る， 昇る， のぼる

1. to ascend, to go up, to climb 2. to ascend (as a natural process, e.g. the Sun), to rise 3. to go to (the capital) 4. to be promoted 5. to add up to 6. to advance (in price) 7. to swim up (a river), to sail up 8. to come up (on the agenda)

上升，爬上，登(山)；(资本等)达到

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彼ら， 彼等， かれら

1. they, them

tbd

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は

1. indicates sentence topic 2. indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated) 3. adds emphasis

指示句子的主题

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の

1. indicates possessive 2. nominalizes verbs and adjectives 3. substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases 4. (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion 5. (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis 6. (at sentence-end, risi...

句尾起强调作用；助词，表示所有关系

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