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階層， かいそう

1. class, level, stratum, layer, hierarchy

tbd

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問題， もんだい

1. question (e.g. on a test), problem 2. problem (e.g. societal, political), question, issue, subject (e.g. of research), case, matter 3. question (i.e. doubt) 4. public discussion, controversy 5. trouble, problem, inconvenience, difficulty

问题（例如在考试中），难题；麻烦、问题、不便、困难；问题（如社会性、政治性问题）、疑问、议题、课题（如研究课题）、案例、事项；疑问；公开讨论，争议

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に対する， に對する， にたいする

1. regarding, in, to, towards, with regards to

针对，对于

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消費社会， しょうひしゃかい

1. consumer society

tbd

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論， ろん

1. argument, discussion, dispute, controversy, discourse, debate 2. theory (e.g. of evolution), doctrine 3. essay, treatise, comment

tbd

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著， ちょ

1. work, book 2. (a book) by 3. obvious, striking

tbd

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である

1. be, is

是、=です、=だ

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の

1. indicates possessive 2. nominalizes verbs and adjectives 3. substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases 4. (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion 5. (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis 6. (at sentence-end, risi...

句尾起强调作用；助词，表示所有关系

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