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祖父， そふ， じじ， じい， おおじ， おじ， そぶ

1. grandfather 2. old man 3. kyogen mask used for the role of an old man

tbd

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京都， きょうと

1. Kyoto (city, prefecture)

tbd

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以上， 已上， いじょう

1. not less than ..., ... and over, ... and above, ... and upwards, ... or more 2. beyond (e.g. one's expectations), above, more than, further than 3. the above, the above-mentioned, the aforementioned, the foregoing 4. since ..., seeing that ..., no...

至少，以上；超出；前述，上述(用于一段话的结束)；结束，终(用于文章、条文结尾)；既然；就这样(用于活动或讲话结束)

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住む， すむ

1. to live (of humans), to reside, to inhabit, to dwell, to abide

住，居住

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ので， んで

1. that being the case, because of ..., the reason is ..., given that ...

鉴于这种情况：用于引出一个逻辑推理或结论，表示基于前面所述的情况或条件，因此可以得出这样的结论；由于……，所以，原因在于……，鉴于……

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地理， ちり

1. geography

tbd

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明るい， あかるい

1. light, well-lit, well-lighted 2. bright (of a colour), brightly-coloured, brightly-colored 3. cheerful, bright, spirited, sunny (e.g. disposition) 4. encouraging (for the future of a project, etc.), promising, of fair prospects 5. familiar (with),...

光明的；明亮的；高兴的，兴高采烈的；鼓舞人心的；熟悉，清楚；公平，公正

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は

1. indicates sentence topic 2. indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated) 3. adds emphasis

指示句子的主题

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に

1. at (place, time), in, on, during 2. to (direction, state), toward, into 3. for (purpose) 4. because of (reason), for, with 5. by, from 6. as (i.e. in the role of) 7. per, in, for, a (e.g. "once a month") 8. and, in addition to 9. if, although

tbd

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も

1. too, also, in addition, as well, (not) either (in a negative sentence) 2. both A and B, A as well as B, neither A nor B (in a negative sentence) 3. even, as much as, as many as, as far as, as long as, no less than, no fewer than 4. even if, even t...

tbd

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の

1. indicates possessive 2. nominalizes verbs and adjectives 3. substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases 4. (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion 5. (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis 6. (at sentence-end, risi...

句尾起强调作用；助词，表示所有关系

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