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何も， なにも， なんも

1. (not) anything, (nothing) at all, (not) any, nothing 2. and everything else, and all 3. (not) at all, (not) in the least, (not) especially, (not) to that extent

tbd

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言う， 云う， 謂う， いう， ゆう

1. to say, to utter, to declare 2. to name, to call 3. to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"), to make a noise

说，宣读，声明；称呼；发出(例如：警报响了‘叮’的一声)，发出声响

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生徒， せいと

1. pupil, student, schoolchild

学生

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どのくらい， どのぐらい， どの位

1. how long, how far, how much

多少，多远，多长

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参加， さんか

1. participation, joining, entry

参加

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議論， ぎろん

1. argument, discussion, dispute, controversy

tbd

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を

1. indicates direct object of action 2. indicates subject of causative expression 3. indicates an area traversed 4. indicates time (period) over which action takes place 5. indicates point of departure or separation of action 6. indicates object of d...

表示动作的直接对象；表示经过的场所；表示离开或分开的点

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付け加える， つけ加える， 付加える， 付けくわえる， 附加える， 附け加える， つけくわえる

1. to add (one thing to another), to add (a few more words, an explanation, etc.)

添加(某物到另一物)，补充(几句话、解释等)

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さらに， 更に

1. furthermore, again, after all, more and more, moreover, even more

更进一步，而且

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主導権， しゅどうけん

1. hegemony, leadership, initiative

tbd

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取る， とる

1. to take, to pick up, to grab, to catch 2. to pass, to hand, to give 3. to get, to obtain, to acquire, to win, to receive, to earn, to take (e.g. a vacation) 4. to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.), to take (a measure, attitude, etc.), to choose 5. ...

采、拿、拾、抓取、抓住；传递、交付、给予；拿，得到

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かどうか

1. whether or not (in phrases like "I don't know whether or not I can come")

是否、能否(在诸如“我不知道自己是否能来”这样的表述中)

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に関して， にかんして

1. regarding ..., concerning ..., about ..., on ..., with respect to ..., in regard to ...

关于……

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評価， ひょうか

1. valuation, appraisal, evaluation, assessment, estimation, rating, judging 2. appreciation, recognition, acknowledgement, rating highly, praising

评价(估值、评估、鉴定、测评、估算、评级、评判)；赞赏、认可、承认、高度评价、称赞

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つける， 付ける， 着ける， 附ける

1. to attach, to join, to connect, to add, to append, to affix, to stick, to glue, to fasten, to sew on, to apply (ointment), to put against 2. to furnish (a house with) 3. to wear, to put on 4. to keep a diary, to make an entry 5. to appraise, to se...

附上、连上、添加、附加、粘贴、贴上、缝上、涂上（药膏）、紧贴

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は

1. indicates sentence topic 2. indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated) 3. adds emphasis

指示句子的主题

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に

1. at (place, time), in, on, during 2. to (direction, state), toward, into 3. for (purpose) 4. because of (reason), for, with 5. by, from 6. as (i.e. in the role of) 7. per, in, for, a (e.g. "once a month") 8. and, in addition to 9. if, although

tbd

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が

1. indicates the subject of a sentence 2. indicates possession 3. but, however, (and) yet, though, although, while 4. and 5. used after an introductory remark or explanation 6. regardless of ..., whether ... (or not), no matter ... 7. indicates a des...

tbd

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する， 為る

1. to do, to carry out, to perform 2. to cause to become, to make (into), to turn (into) 3. to serve as, to act as, to work as 4. to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.) 5. to judge as being, to view as being, to think of as, to treat as, to use...

做，作，干，执行

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の

1. indicates possessive 2. nominalizes verbs and adjectives 3. substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases 4. (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion 5. (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis 6. (at sentence-end, risi...

句尾起强调作用；助词，表示所有关系

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する， 為る

1. to do, to carry out, to perform 2. to cause to become, to make (into), to turn (into) 3. to serve as, to act as, to work as 4. to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.) 5. to judge as being, to view as being, to think of as, to treat as, to use...

做，作，干，执行

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