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明確， めいかく

1. clear, precise, definite, distinct

tbd

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なければならない， なければなりません， なければいけない

1. have to do, must, should, ought to

必须，应该

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である

1. be, is

是、=です、=だ

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に

1. at (place, time), in, on, during 2. to (direction, state), toward, into 3. for (purpose) 4. because of (reason), for, with 5. by, from 6. as (i.e. in the role of) 7. per, in, for, a (e.g. "once a month") 8. and, in addition to 9. if, although

tbd

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の

1. indicates possessive 2. nominalizes verbs and adjectives 3. substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases 4. (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion 5. (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis 6. (at sentence-end, risi...

句尾起强调作用；助词，表示所有关系

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は

1. indicates sentence topic 2. indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated) 3. adds emphasis

指示句子的主题

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