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最近， さいきん

1. recently, lately, these days, nowadays, right now 2. nearest, closest

tbd

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研究， けんきゅう

1. research, study, investigation

研究

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証明， しょうめい

1. proof, testimony, demonstration, verification, certification

tbd

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理論， りろん

1. theory

tbd

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を

1. indicates direct object of action 2. indicates subject of causative expression 3. indicates an area traversed 4. indicates time (period) over which action takes place 5. indicates point of departure or separation of action 6. indicates object of d...

表示动作的直接对象；表示经过的场所；表示离开或分开的点

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適用， てきよう

1. application (of a rule, law, method, etc.)

(规则、法规、方法等)的适用

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常に， つねに

1. always, constantly

总是，一直

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欠陥， けっかん

1. defect, fault, flaw, deformity, deficiency, shortage, gap

缺陷、瑕疵

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なし， 無し

1. without 2. unacceptable, not alright, unsatisfactory 3. nonexistent

tbd

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言う， 云う， 謂う， いう， ゆう

1. to say, to utter, to declare 2. to name, to call 3. to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"), to make a noise

说，宣读，声明；称呼；发出(例如：警报响了‘叮’的一声)，发出声响

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である

1. be, is

是、=です、=だ

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が

1. indicates the subject of a sentence 2. indicates possession 3. but, however, (and) yet, though, although, while 4. and 5. used after an introductory remark or explanation 6. regardless of ..., whether ... (or not), no matter ... 7. indicates a des...

tbd

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する， 為る

1. to do, to carry out, to perform 2. to cause to become, to make (into), to turn (into) 3. to serve as, to act as, to work as 4. to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.) 5. to judge as being, to view as being, to think of as, to treat as, to use...

做，作，干，执行

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こと， 事， 縡

1. thing, matter 2. incident, occurrence, event, something serious, trouble, crisis 3. circumstances, situation, state of affairs 4. work, business, affair 5. after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not ...

tbd

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は

1. indicates sentence topic 2. indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated) 3. adds emphasis

指示句子的主题

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する， 為る

1. to do, to carry out, to perform 2. to cause to become, to make (into), to turn (into) 3. to serve as, to act as, to work as 4. to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.) 5. to judge as being, to view as being, to think of as, to treat as, to use...

做，作，干，执行

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と

1. if, when 2. and 3. with 4. used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.) 5. promoted pawn 6. indicates a question

表示引用

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